How did Andrade increase the validity of the study's results?

How did Andrade increase the validity of the study's results?

• A. By ensuring participants had different levels of interest
• B. By operationalizing doodling and controlling boredom
• C. By allowing participants to draw freely
• D. By using a larger and more diverse sample

Answer: (B)

The validity of the study's results was increased by operationalizing doodling and controlling boredom. By providing a clear definition of what constitutes doodling and creating a controlled environment where extraneous variables like boredom could be minimized, Andrade was able to focus on the specific effects of doodling on memory retention. This operationalization allowed for a more precise measurement of the outcomes associated with doodling, thereby enhancing the credibility of the findings. The controlled setting meant that participants engaged with the task similarly, reducing variability that could arise from differences in attention or engagement levels. Such methodological rigor strengthens the argument that the observed effects were indeed due to doodling itself and not external factors. The other options, while they may offer some aspects of study robustness, do not address the direct relationship between doodling and its effects on memory as effectively as the operationalization and control of boredom.

The validity of the study's results was increased by operationalizing doodling and controlling boredom. By providing a clear definition of what constitutes doodling and creating a controlled environment where extraneous variables like boredom could be minimized, Andrade was able to focus on the specific effects of doodling on memory retention. This operationalization allowed for a more precise measurement of the outcomes associated with doodling, thereby enhancing the credibility of the findings. The controlled setting meant that participants engaged with the task similarly, reducing variability that could arise from differences in attention or engagement levels. Such methodological rigor strengthens the argument that the observed effects were indeed due to doodling itself and not external factors.

The other options, while they may offer some aspects of study robustness, do not address the direct relationship between doodling and its effects on memory as effectively as the operationalization and control of boredom.